Zebulon Pike and His Expeditions to the West

The soldier and explorer Zebulon Pike is remembered for two expeditions he led to explore territory acquired by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase. It is often assumed he climbed Pikes Peak, the Colorado mountain named for him. He did not reach the peaks summit, though he did explore in its vicinity on one of his expeditions. In some ways, Pikes western voyages are second only to Lewis and Clark. Yet his efforts have always been overshadowed by nagging questions about the motivations for his journeys. What was he trying to accomplish by trekking around in the previously unexplored West? Was he a spy? Did he have secret orders to provoke a war with Spain? Was he simply an adventurous Army officer seeking adventure while filling in the map? Or was he actually intent on trying to expand the limits of his nations boundaries? Mission to Explore Western Territories Zebulon Pike was born in New Jersey on January 5, 1779, the son of an officer in the U.S. Army. When he was a teenager Zebulon Pike entered the army as a cadet, and when he was 20 years old he was given an officers commission as a lieutenant. Pike was posted at several outposts on the western frontier. And in 1805 the commander of the U.S. Army, General James Wilkinson, gave Pike the assignment of traveling northward up the Mississippi River from St. Louis to find the rivers source. It would later be revealed that General Wilkinson harbored dubious loyalties. Wilkinson was commanding the U.S. Army. Yet he was also secretly receiving payments from Spain, which at the time had vast holdings along the southwest frontier. The first expedition on which Wilkinson dispatched Pike, to find the source of the Mississippi River in 1805, may have had an ulterior motive. It is suspected that Wilkinson may have been hoping to provoke a conflict with Britain, which at the time controlled Canada. Pikes First Western Expedition Pike, leading a party of 20 soldiers, left St. Louis in August 1805. He traveled into present-day Minnesota, spending a winter among the Sioux. Pike arranged a treaty with the Sioux and mapped much of the region. When winter arrived, he pressed forward with a few men and determined that Lake Leech was the source of the great river. He was wrong, Lake Itasca is the actual source of the Mississippi. There were suspicions that Wilkinson didnt really care what the real source of the river was, as his real interest was to sent a probe northward to see how the British would react. After Pike returned to St. Louis in 1806, General Wilkinson had another assignment for him. Pikes Second Western Expedition The second expedition led by Zebulon Pike remains puzzling after more than two centuries. Pike was sent westward, again by General Wilkinson, and the purpose of the expedition remains mysterious. The ostensible reason Wilkinson sent Pike into the West was to explore the sources of the Red River and the Arkansas River. And, as the United States had recently acquired the Louisiana Purchase from France, Pike was apparently supposed to explore and report on the lands in the southwestern portion of the purchase. Pike began his mission by acquiring supplies in St. Louis, and word of his upcoming expedition leaked out. A detachment of Spanish troops was assigned to shadow Pike as he moved westward, and perhaps even stop him from traveling. After leaving St. Louis on July 15, 1806, with Spanish cavalry apparently shadowing him from a distance, Pike traveled to the area of present-day Pueblo, Colorado. He tried and failed to climb the mountain that would later be named for him, Pikes Peak. Zebulon Pike Headed for Spanish Territory Pike, after exploring in the mountains, turned southward and led his men toward Spanish territory. A detachment of Spanish troops found Pike and his men living in a crude fort they had built of cottonwood trees on the banks of the Rio Grande. When challenged by the Spanish soldiers, Pike explained that he believed he was camping along the Red River, within territory belonging to the United States. The Spanish assured him he was on the Rio Grande. Pike lowered the American flag flying over the fort. At that point, the Spanish invited Pike to accompany them to Mexico, and Pike and his men were escorted to Santa Fe. Pike was questioned by the Spanish. He stuck to his story that he believed he had been exploring within American territory. Pike was treated well by the Spanish, who transported him and his men onward to Chihuahua and eventually released them to return to the United States. In the summer of 1807, the Spanish escorted him to Louisiana, where he was released, safely back on American soil. Zebulon Pike Returned to American Under a Cloud of Suspicion By the time Zebulon Pike returned to the United States, things had changed dramatically. An alleged plot devised by Aaron Burr to seize American territory and set up a separate nation in the Southwest had been uncovered. Burr, the former vice-president, and killer of Alexander Hamilton had been charged with treason. Also implicated in the alleged plot was General James Wilkinson, the man who had sent Zebulon Pike on his expeditions. To the public and many in the government, it appeared that Pike may have played some  shadowy role in the Burr conspiracy. Was Pike really a spy for Wilkinson and Burr? Was he trying to provoke the Spanish in some way? Or was he secretly cooperating with the Spanish in some plot against his own country? Instead of returning as a heroic explorer, Pike was forced to clear his name. After he proclaimed his innocence, government officials concluded that Pike had acted loyally. He resumed his military career and even wrote a book based on his explorations. As for Aaron Burr, he was charged with treason but acquitted at a trail at which General Wilkinson testified. Zebulon Pike Became a War Hero Zebulon Pike was promoted to major in 1808. With the outbreak of the War of 1812, Pike was promoted to general. General Zebulon Pike commanded American troops attacking York (now Toronto), Canada in the spring of 1813. Pike was leading the assault on the heavily defended town and the withdrawing British blew up a powder magazine during their retreat. Pike was struck by a piece of stone which broke his back. He was carried to an American ship, where he died on April 27, 1813. His troops had succeeded in capturing the town, and a captured British flag was placed under his head just before he died. The Legacy of Zebulon Pike Considering his heroic actions in the War of 1812, Zebulon Pike was remembered as a military hero. And in the 1850s settlers and prospectors in Colorado began calling the mountain he encountered Pikes Peak, a name which stuck. Yet the questions about his expeditions still remain. There are numerous theories about why Pike was sent into the West, and whether his explorations were really missions of espionage.

Police Efficiency and Effectiveness - 6591 Words

ASSESSMENT OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF LEON PNP THROUGH A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CRIMINAL CASES SOLVED AND CLEARED AS OF YEAR 2009 TO 2013 An Undergraduate Research Paper Presented to: Mr. Hanibal E. Camua Division of Social Sciences University of the Philippines Visayas Miagao Campus, Iloilo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements In Political Science 14 Philippine Politics and Government By John Mark C. Calves Jonathan V. Magan Arielle Lois C. Robles March 2014 Assessment of Organizational Efficiency I Page 1 I. Introduction Crime is as old as mankind itself. Since the biblical crime at the Garden of Eden, societies have emerged, laws have been created, and prohibitions†¦show more content†¦Which of the years, from 2009 to 2013, has the most number of criminal cases recorded by the Leon PNP? 2. How efficient and effective is the Leon PNP towards solving and clearing Assessment of Organizational Efficiency I Page 3 the existing criminal cases within the five-year duration? Objectives of the Study This study was conducted: 1. To trace the history of Leon PNP upon its establishment up to the present. 2. To provide a comparative data of criminal rate records within the municipality documented throughout the years 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013. 3. To identify which of the years, from 2009 to 2013, has the most number of criminal cases recorded. 4. To determine the prevailing crimes recorded by the Leon PNP and be able to categorize them into index crimes (crimes against person and crimes against property) or non-index crimes (violation of special laws, crimes against the state, public moral, or other crimes) and provide a ratio with the population. 5. To determine the organizational efficiency and effectiveness of Leon PNP through crimes solved and cleared and the PNP’s annual crime solution efficiency. Significance of the Study This study concerning the organizational efficiency and effectiveness of the Leon PNP through a comparative study on the criminal cases solved and cleared throughout the year 2009 to 2013 extends its significance to the people of the Municipality ofShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of An Effective Organization, And The Characteristics Of Effective Police Agencies Essay1124 Words   |  5 Pagessections of this paper. The first section will define and explain what effectiveness and efficiency are, the characteristics of an effective organization, and the characteristics of effective police agencies. The second portion will identify a particular crime-related problem, which Overland Park Police Department faces with support of data from our crime analysis unit. 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Analysis of Conformity and Group Influence in Twelve Angry...

Analysis of Conformity and Group Influence in Twelve Angry Men Introduction The film â€Å"Twelve Angry Men† directed by Sidney Lumet illustrates many social psychological principles. The tense, gripping storyline that takes place in the 1950s features a group of jurors who must decide unanimously whether a young man is guilty or innocent in the murder of his father. At the beginning, eleven of the twelve jurors voted guilty. Gradually, through some heated discussion, the jurors are swayed to a not-guilty verdict. Upon examination, the film highlights social psychology theories in areas of conformity and group influence. Theories and Application Conformity Conformity, a change in one’s behaviour or belief to correspond with others†¦show more content†¦Perhaps the power of the need to feel accepted is most evident in the character of juror number two, a rather meek and hesitant individual, who during several occasions of being confronted by more strong-willed or hostile jurors, displays quick retreat in his subtle opinions. Informative social influence is also apparent in â€Å"Twelve Angry Men†. Juror number twelve, a well-dressed, advertising businessman for â€Å"Rice Pops† exhibits a character that is easily-swayed by convincing arguments from both sides. 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Canadas Copyright Laws Essay Example For Students

Canadas Copyright Laws Essay Canadas Copyright LawsCanadas copyright law is one of our hardest laws to enforce. The reason the police have so much trouble enforcing this law, is due to technology. This law is very easy to break, and once broken, it is very hard to track down violators. So although some form of a copyright law is needed, the one we have has, too many holes to be effective. There are three main ways in which the copyright law is broken in everyday life. They is audio/video tape copying, plagiarism, and software piracy. The first, and most commonly violated aspect of the copyright law, is the copying of audio tapes for oneself and friends. Thanks to the invention of dual cassette stereos, this has become very easy. You simply take an original or even another copy of a tape, as well as a blank tape. Stick them both in to the stereo and bingo you have a new tape. You also just broke the law. Along with copying audio tapes, now we can copy video tapes almost as easily. If you hook two VCRs together, they can copy from one to the other. You could rent a movie form the video store, copy and return it, with no one the wiser. The problem with copying video and audio tapes is that for every copy you make the recording artist, the actors, producers and everyone else who collect royalties from the tapes lose money. If the companies start to lose money, they raise prices. Thus a vicious circle begins. As prices go up, fewer people buy original copies. If less people buy the original cassettes prices will onc e again rise. Another major form of piracy is plagiarism. The stealing of someone elses ideas or work. The biggest category of people who fall into here are students. Very often a student when doing a research paper will accidently forget to footnote his work. By forgetting to give the author credit, the student has claimed the work as his own. Another reason students may copy someone elses work is to sound more sophisticated hoping that if they use someone elses words it will sound better than their own. Generally, this provides an easy way for a teacher or the police to catch them. Teachers also plagiarize rather frequently. Very often a teacher will photocopy several pages from a book, in order to save the students the expense of having to buy the book for themselves. While this is a noble act by the teacher, in most cases, this is illegal. Unless the author of the book, gave consent for his/her work to be freely distributed, teachers cant copy it anymore than students or anyone else can. The third category of piracy is Software Pirating. There are several forms which this can take. The most common form is very similar to audio/video cassettes. It is when someone copies a game or program from his/her computer to someone elses. As long as the two people have the same type of computer, (they both have apples or IBMs) this is a very simple process, so long as the programmer didnt put a bug into the program (a precaution they take against people copying their work). Another form of Computer Piracy is a cracker. A cracker is someone who has an in-depth knowledge of computers and programming. He can then remove the bug that prevents programs from being copied. After he removes the bug hes able to distribute the software at his own discretion. This is in direct conflict with the copyright law, because the program was not meant to be copied thus the bug. It therefore becomes illegal to remove the bug. .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330 , .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330 .postImageUrl , .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330 , .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330:hover , .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330:visited , .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330:active { border:0!important; } .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330:active , .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330 .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hamlet as a Comment on Humanity EssayLike audio/video cassettes copying, computer games causes people to lose money. In this case, instead of it being the singer, or actors, it is the programmer, and the software companies who lose. This leads to the same vicious circle. More copies make higher prices etc.. The copyright law is hard to enforce likewise so are the penalties. If you are found in violation of breaking the copyright laws, you probably will only have to pay a fine. However, the fines can be quite subeztial and depending where you are in the distribution chain (how many copies were made before yours) the fine varies, with whoever copied the original paying the most. In extremecases, where a contract is enacted upon the purchase of the original copy like with Word Perfect, a computer word processor. Upon buying an original set off disks you must sign a contract promising not to distribute the program. In these cases, you could face imprisonment because now not only are you dealing with breach of the copyright law, but with a breach of contract as well. So the moral of the story is enjoy your large collection of audio/video tapes. Get those goodmarks on essays you didnt even write. Enjoy those really fun computer games, because under Canadas current copyright law and the amount of attention the police pay to this problem, it is very unlikely that you will ever get caught.