History of Fire Sprinklers Essay

Rome, 64 A. D. Head Nero viewed with sickening dread as the extraordinary city of Rome consumed for six days and seven evenings. A while later 70% of the city was left in seething remains and destruction. (The Burning of Rome, 64 AD 1) Why the specific reason for the fire is obscure, we wonder if a successful sprinkler framework could have forestalled this episode and others like it. A city that was notable for their superb development, engineering, and water system frameworks was totally annihilated by one episode. Numerous codes don't require a particular sort of Automatic Sprinkler System. While the most widely recognized sort discovered is the Wet Pipe System; Dry Pipe, Preaction, and Deluge Systems can be found in a wide range of inhabitance types. The two principle motivations behind programmed sprinkler frameworks are to douse fires and control the fire until proper staff show up to quench the fire. Programmed sprinkler frameworks are normal in all inhabitance types, aside from private, except if the danger isn't good with water. For these dangers there are a few different sorts of concealment frameworks that can be introduced to deal with the occurrence. By introducing a programmed sprinkler framework, you increment life security and property assurance. What is the standard of sprinkler frameworks? The objective is to expand life wellbeing and lessening property harm. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has been the pioneer in commanding principles and necessities with regards to sprinkler frameworks. They have created numerous guidelines that address the establishment, investigation, and upkeep of sprinklers. Wet funnel frameworks are shut water frameworks joined to a channeling framework containing pressurized water consistently. This sort of programmed sprinkler framework is the most well-known sort, and can be found in all most all inhabitance types. Except if the capability of freezing pipes or other uncommon conditions apply, this sort of framework will be experienced most much of the time. The activity of this sprinkler framework is extremely straightforward. The wet-pipe framework comprises of sprinkler goes to sprinkler gracefully lines that intertwine the inhabitance. At the point when a fire first beginnings there is least warmth produced. As the fire develops and the warm layer is upset, heat ascends to the focused on sprinkler heads. Contingent upon the appraised temperature of the sprinkler head, a fusible plate or connection liquefies from the warmth and starts the progression of water. While most flames are constrained by a couple of sprinkler heads, on account of quick moving flames more might be expected to control the fire. At the point when water is spilled out of the framework, commonly different things may occur. In all most all wet-pipe frameworks, there is some kind of perceptible caution enacted at the standpipe. This will trigger different alerts in the structure, and more often than not informs an organization that will at that point tell the Fire Department of a water stream caution or others like it. Dry channel frameworks use air or nitrogen to keep the flexibly line pressurized consistently. This kind of programmed sprinkler framework is generally found in the colder regions where the conceivable outcomes of freezing pipes are experienced. Dry-pipe frameworks give the equivalent satisfactory assurance like wet-pipe frameworks. The channeling is accused of air or nitrogen, and when a sprinkler head is enacted the drop in the weight opens a valve at the standpipe that permits water to stream into the frameworks. (Bahme 25) Just like the wet-pipe framework, regularly a couple of sprinkler heads are expected to control the fire. There will likewise be an alert that is actuated telling the proper office to contact the Fire Department. At in case once per week the framework ought to be tried to ensure that the pneumatic force inside the funneling is kept up. The third kind of programmed sprinkler framework is the Pre-activity System. This sort of framework is a shut funneling framework that contains air, which could possibly be feeling the squeeze. At the point when a fire happens the fire recognizing gadget flags the control valve to open charging the framework. This sort of framework is typically utilized where the chance of broken funnels and sprinkler heads may result. The most well-known spots discovered incorporate electrical rooms, PC rooms, and different zones that may house costly gear. There can be a few sorts of pre-activity framework including a reusing framework. This framework is fit for charging the funneling, releasing water, at that point cutting itself off. If the fire revives, it can release once more. It at that point can reuse the water. Downpour frameworks are a lot of like Pre-activity frameworks with the exception of that the sprinkler heads are open and the framework isn't charged. Like that of the pre-activity frameworks, a fire identification gadget, normally a warmth sensor, enacts the release valve on the framework. The thing that matters is that the whole sprinkler part of the framework is open; consequently the region that is initiated is deluged in water. These kinds of programmed sprinkler framework can be discovered where a high danger of combustible fluid might be experienced. The most widely recognized spot is airplane shelters. Alert ought to be taken however; in bound spaces the oxygen level can be insufficient when these frameworks are enacted because of the bountiful measures of water. Consolidated Dry-Pipe and Pre-activity frameworks are made out of both the frameworks referenced previously. These frameworks have the dry channel highlights with the pre-activity highlights in the occasion the dry funnel divide fizzles. These frameworks are utilized when a region is too huge to ever be secured by a dry channel framework. On a similar note however, consolidated frameworks were initially produced for security during cold atmospheres. Long queues would be liable to freezing. These frameworks are usually discovered when managing long docks. (Bahme 30) It is imperative to take note of this sort of framework is viewed as two free frameworks. Testing requires singular guidelines for both sort; comprising of the dry funnel framework and the pre-activity framework. Constrained water flexibly frameworks are those where gracefully water can't be appropriately provided to the inhabitance. These frameworks comprise of numerous wide range types and can be utilized as outside sprinklers and kept space sprinklers. Some examination acquired shows that one sort of constrained water sprinkler type could be the liquid catalyst sprinkler framework. This sort of framework is exceptional and is regularly not acknowledged and utilized in late programmed sprinkler frameworks. All in all, there are a few kinds of water sprinklers utilized in today’s the board to help increment life wellbeing and diminishing property harm. By including recognition gadgets and the right sprinkler heads, these frameworks can mean the contrast among life and demise. The inhabitance ought to have the right programmed sprinkler framework that will appropriately stifle the material significant in that inhabitance paying little heed to the sort. The favored programmed sprinkler framework should all have the option to inform the inhabitants, bring the right office to smother the fire, sound cautions, direct fire control, and started a wide assortment of assistant capacities including ecological, utility, and procedure controls. (IFSTA 559)

George Berkeley Research Paper

George Berkeley Research Paper In the Principles of Human Knowledge, George Berkeley contends that material items are simply pictures inside the brain. This optimism recommends that no physical non-thinking substances are genuine. The main truth of the items is the picture inside the brain of the perceiver of the articles. For example, objects are seen by the faculties. We at that point see or decipher our own thoughts or sensations. In this manner, the thoughts have more reality to us than does the articles that we as far as anyone knows see. Next, Berkeley characterizes the term presence. For a body to exist, one must see it or can possibly see it. However, everything that we see or can possibly see is thoughts. Therefore, to state that a body exists is to state that you simply had a thought of that body. An issue with this contention is that one can't have a thought of something without seeing the genuine item. To answer this announcement, Berkeley proposes that we can't recognize the reasonable articles struct ure the impression of these items. At the end of the day, it is difficult to isolate, in thought, the alleged genuine bodies that we see and feel from the psychological impression of these bodies. Berkeley declares that to isolate these pictures would be practically equivalent to partitioning a human body or isolating the picture of a rose from the smell of a rose. As indicated by Berkeley, isolating these pictures would be a case of deliberation. In his push to demonstrate that material items just exist inside the psyche of the perceiver, Berkeley affirms that one should really see an article to have a thought regarding it. A thought exists in particular in the event that it is seen. Physical articles are assortments of thoughts. Physical articles can in this way possibly exist when seen. For instance, believe an individual to think about a specific tree in his preferred field. In the event that he doesn't really see this tree or straightforwardly sense it, at that point his concept of the tree depends just on a past thought or picture of the tree. The memory of previous thoughts doesn't establish the presence of an item. Albeit just thoughts themselves, the faculties assume a key job in the contentions for Berkeleys vision, for example, in this fast confirmation for the nonexistence of the characteristics of bodies. Berkeley characterizes reasonable characteristics of bodies to be such things as shading, taste, figure, and movement. These characteristics are seen by the faculties. The faculties see thoughts. In this way, the characteristics of bodies are thoughts. Berkeley assists his barrier for this view by contending that numbers and certain faculties are thoughts inside the psyche. He expresses that numbers just exist inside the psyche since they rely completely upon the comprehension of man. Thus, heat, cold, hues and other reasonable characteristics are just expressions of love of the psyche. These reasonable characteristics are not a piece of issue and could possibly exist on the off chance that somebody is there to encounter the sensation. One of Berkeleys most urgent contentions for the nonexistence of dynamic bodies lies in his clarification of why activities can exist just inside the psyche. In the first place, it is given that thoughts exist just inside the brain. As demonstrated before, thoughts are on the whole that is seen. A thought is characterized as uninvolved in nature. This implies a thought can't legitimately do anything and can't be the immediate reason for anything. Along these lines, a thought can't be the similarity of a functioning being on the grounds that a thought exists just as a thought. Accordingly, we can presume that expansion, figure, and movement can't create uproar in light of the fact that these depictions are only thoughts inside the psyche. Berkeley proceeds with his assault on the Matter that makes up objects. Matter is characterized as latent, silly substance in which augmentation, figure, and movement do really stay alive (258). Since expansion, figure, and movement are thoughts inside the brain, matter should likewise be a thought since it is characterized by augmentation, figure, and movement. Similarly, one can't see of issue without utilizing the faculties, which exist just in the psyche. Berkeley approaches us to assume for a second that issue exists as a general rule however that the reasonable or auxiliary characteristics (258) exist just inside the brain. The physical body and the auxiliary characteristics would be absolutely indivisible from one another on the grounds that both were expected to include the item. Berkeley at that point suggests that the reasonable thoughts can't exist just inside the psyche while the items exist just as a general rule if the two are totally indistinguishable. In this way, the articles must exist inside the psyche also. At the finish of his contentions, Berkeley delineates the substances that exist inside the brain of man. He clarifies that a soul causes thoughts inside the brain. The comprehension sees the thoughts while the will works or creates thoughts. Likewise, Berkeley portrays laws of nature which are the strategies and examples that are seen by faculties. These laws might be the main genuine thoughts since they are engraved in us by the Author of Nature and instruct us to connect certain thoughts with others to figure out how to live.

Research Paper Services - Ways to Do It Yourself

Research Paper Services - Ways to Do It YourselfAt times, I find the article about research paper services in trade journals not so helpful. Because of their fees, it is not possible for me to use them all the time, and it takes much longer than usual for my work to be graded and critiqued. So, let's look at some tips about how to do the same on your own.The first thing you need to do is research the topic of your research paper. You have to learn something new and relevant to your topic. Sometimes, you can use online research tools to research the topics that interest you. You might consider tools like Google Scholar, which lets you search the literature to get to the sources of your questions.When you are ready to write the paper, be sure to write about relevant, well-researched material. You must put into practice what you learned in your research. You can use related and very similar topics as the basis for your paper, so as to make it easier for yourself.Write your research pape r according to certain patterns. Do not keep changing topics or citing from the same sources, because these will make it hard for your readers to follow your arguments. A research paper service will guide you to writing a good argumentation, as well as the style in which to present your arguments.Once you have made the decision to use a research paper services, you will get all your papers graded before they are distributed. This way, all the different members of your class have a chance to evaluate your paper. You may also want to encourage students to participate in the grading process. Be sure to write down in a journal and send out to all the students why the paper is important, and also, why it should be graded in a certain way.When you submit your paper to the research paper services, remember to use the same format as they offer. Submit your paper to an approved organization. Make sure the language used in your paper corresponds to the accepted standard for academic writing.M ake sure you take time to edit your paper. When you submit your work to a research paper services, you might have it in a week. But when you do it yourself, you will only finish the revision after two or three weeks. Afterward, you will receive your credit report and find that it is already accepted.Research paper services can help you better understand your topic and teach you how to organize the important points in your research paper. When you get it, you will understand why it is important for you to do it yourself, rather than paying a professional to do it for you.

Zebulon Pike and His Expeditions to the West

The soldier and explorer Zebulon Pike is remembered for two expeditions he led to explore territory acquired by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase. It is often assumed he climbed Pikes Peak, the Colorado mountain named for him. He did not reach the peaks summit, though he did explore in its vicinity on one of his expeditions. In some ways, Pikes western voyages are second only to Lewis and Clark. Yet his efforts have always been overshadowed by nagging questions about the motivations for his journeys. What was he trying to accomplish by trekking around in the previously unexplored West? Was he a spy? Did he have secret orders to provoke a war with Spain? Was he simply an adventurous Army officer seeking adventure while filling in the map? Or was he actually intent on trying to expand the limits of his nations boundaries? Mission to Explore Western Territories Zebulon Pike was born in New Jersey on January 5, 1779, the son of an officer in the U.S. Army. When he was a teenager Zebulon Pike entered the army as a cadet, and when he was 20 years old he was given an officers commission as a lieutenant. Pike was posted at several outposts on the western frontier. And in 1805 the commander of the U.S. Army, General James Wilkinson, gave Pike the assignment of traveling northward up the Mississippi River from St. Louis to find the rivers source. It would later be revealed that General Wilkinson harbored dubious loyalties. Wilkinson was commanding the U.S. Army. Yet he was also secretly receiving payments from Spain, which at the time had vast holdings along the southwest frontier. The first expedition on which Wilkinson dispatched Pike, to find the source of the Mississippi River in 1805, may have had an ulterior motive. It is suspected that Wilkinson may have been hoping to provoke a conflict with Britain, which at the time controlled Canada. Pikes First Western Expedition Pike, leading a party of 20 soldiers, left St. Louis in August 1805. He traveled into present-day Minnesota, spending a winter among the Sioux. Pike arranged a treaty with the Sioux and mapped much of the region. When winter arrived, he pressed forward with a few men and determined that Lake Leech was the source of the great river. He was wrong, Lake Itasca is the actual source of the Mississippi. There were suspicions that Wilkinson didnt really care what the real source of the river was, as his real interest was to sent a probe northward to see how the British would react. After Pike returned to St. Louis in 1806, General Wilkinson had another assignment for him. Pikes Second Western Expedition The second expedition led by Zebulon Pike remains puzzling after more than two centuries. Pike was sent westward, again by General Wilkinson, and the purpose of the expedition remains mysterious. The ostensible reason Wilkinson sent Pike into the West was to explore the sources of the Red River and the Arkansas River. And, as the United States had recently acquired the Louisiana Purchase from France, Pike was apparently supposed to explore and report on the lands in the southwestern portion of the purchase. Pike began his mission by acquiring supplies in St. Louis, and word of his upcoming expedition leaked out. A detachment of Spanish troops was assigned to shadow Pike as he moved westward, and perhaps even stop him from traveling. After leaving St. Louis on July 15, 1806, with Spanish cavalry apparently shadowing him from a distance, Pike traveled to the area of present-day Pueblo, Colorado. He tried and failed to climb the mountain that would later be named for him, Pikes Peak. Zebulon Pike Headed for Spanish Territory Pike, after exploring in the mountains, turned southward and led his men toward Spanish territory. A detachment of Spanish troops found Pike and his men living in a crude fort they had built of cottonwood trees on the banks of the Rio Grande. When challenged by the Spanish soldiers, Pike explained that he believed he was camping along the Red River, within territory belonging to the United States. The Spanish assured him he was on the Rio Grande. Pike lowered the American flag flying over the fort. At that point, the Spanish invited Pike to accompany them to Mexico, and Pike and his men were escorted to Santa Fe. Pike was questioned by the Spanish. He stuck to his story that he believed he had been exploring within American territory. Pike was treated well by the Spanish, who transported him and his men onward to Chihuahua and eventually released them to return to the United States. In the summer of 1807, the Spanish escorted him to Louisiana, where he was released, safely back on American soil. Zebulon Pike Returned to American Under a Cloud of Suspicion By the time Zebulon Pike returned to the United States, things had changed dramatically. An alleged plot devised by Aaron Burr to seize American territory and set up a separate nation in the Southwest had been uncovered. Burr, the former vice-president, and killer of Alexander Hamilton had been charged with treason. Also implicated in the alleged plot was General James Wilkinson, the man who had sent Zebulon Pike on his expeditions. To the public and many in the government, it appeared that Pike may have played some  shadowy role in the Burr conspiracy. Was Pike really a spy for Wilkinson and Burr? Was he trying to provoke the Spanish in some way? Or was he secretly cooperating with the Spanish in some plot against his own country? Instead of returning as a heroic explorer, Pike was forced to clear his name. After he proclaimed his innocence, government officials concluded that Pike had acted loyally. He resumed his military career and even wrote a book based on his explorations. As for Aaron Burr, he was charged with treason but acquitted at a trail at which General Wilkinson testified. Zebulon Pike Became a War Hero Zebulon Pike was promoted to major in 1808. With the outbreak of the War of 1812, Pike was promoted to general. General Zebulon Pike commanded American troops attacking York (now Toronto), Canada in the spring of 1813. Pike was leading the assault on the heavily defended town and the withdrawing British blew up a powder magazine during their retreat. Pike was struck by a piece of stone which broke his back. He was carried to an American ship, where he died on April 27, 1813. His troops had succeeded in capturing the town, and a captured British flag was placed under his head just before he died. The Legacy of Zebulon Pike Considering his heroic actions in the War of 1812, Zebulon Pike was remembered as a military hero. And in the 1850s settlers and prospectors in Colorado began calling the mountain he encountered Pikes Peak, a name which stuck. Yet the questions about his expeditions still remain. There are numerous theories about why Pike was sent into the West, and whether his explorations were really missions of espionage.

Police Efficiency and Effectiveness - 6591 Words

ASSESSMENT OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF LEON PNP THROUGH A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CRIMINAL CASES SOLVED AND CLEARED AS OF YEAR 2009 TO 2013 An Undergraduate Research Paper Presented to: Mr. Hanibal E. Camua Division of Social Sciences University of the Philippines Visayas Miagao Campus, Iloilo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements In Political Science 14 Philippine Politics and Government By John Mark C. Calves Jonathan V. Magan Arielle Lois C. Robles March 2014 Assessment of Organizational Efficiency I Page 1 I. Introduction Crime is as old as mankind itself. Since the biblical crime at the Garden of Eden, societies have emerged, laws have been created, and prohibitions†¦show more content†¦Which of the years, from 2009 to 2013, has the most number of criminal cases recorded by the Leon PNP? 2. How efficient and effective is the Leon PNP towards solving and clearing Assessment of Organizational Efficiency I Page 3 the existing criminal cases within the five-year duration? Objectives of the Study This study was conducted: 1. To trace the history of Leon PNP upon its establishment up to the present. 2. To provide a comparative data of criminal rate records within the municipality documented throughout the years 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013. 3. To identify which of the years, from 2009 to 2013, has the most number of criminal cases recorded. 4. To determine the prevailing crimes recorded by the Leon PNP and be able to categorize them into index crimes (crimes against person and crimes against property) or non-index crimes (violation of special laws, crimes against the state, public moral, or other crimes) and provide a ratio with the population. 5. To determine the organizational efficiency and effectiveness of Leon PNP through crimes solved and cleared and the PNP’s annual crime solution efficiency. Significance of the Study This study concerning the organizational efficiency and effectiveness of the Leon PNP through a comparative study on the criminal cases solved and cleared throughout the year 2009 to 2013 extends its significance to the people of the Municipality ofShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of An Effective Organization, And The Characteristics Of Effective Police Agencies Essay1124 Words   |  5 Pagessections of this paper. The first section will define and explain what effectiveness and efficiency are, the characteristics of an effective organization, and the characteristics of effective police agencies. The second portion will identify a particular crime-related problem, which Overland Park Police Department faces with support of data from our crime analysis unit. Utilizing the concepts of effectiveness and efficiency, the last section will review our current strategies for addressing theRead MoreBalancing Efficiency And Effectiveness Of An Organization1146 Words   |  5 PagesBalancing efficiency and effectiveness is necessary in any organization despite the motives and definition of success. When determining an organizations efficiency and effectiveness many factors should be considered because one may affect the o ther. There are several tradeoffs between the two that include quality, quantity, customer satisfaction or success, recidivism, employee satisfaction or success, defining organization’s goals, determining what to measure, and how technology impacts both. NoRead MorePerformance Budgeting Is An Integral Tool For Ensuring Public Management1625 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States over the past two decades. However, weaknesses are persistently being witnessed in the quality of services provided to the public as well as the application of performance information obtained. As revealed in the study of American Police Agencies, establishing sound performance measures in public institutions and taking the appropriate steps in funding programs based on results would result to the provision of better services, reduced mismanagement of public resources, increased accountabilityRead MoreAre National Audit Office â€Å"Value for Money† Audits Themselves Value for Money?1276 Words   |  6 Pageswith the review of the three E’s (Lecture 2, AC340 Lent Term, Liisa Kurunmakii): †¢ Economy – providing the intended service at the lowest cost possible, with regards to maintaining the quality of service †¢ Efficiency – gaining the maximum output from a given level of inputs †¢ Effectiveness – the extent to which these public bodies achieve their policy objectives With this in mind, it is clear that in order for a â€Å"value for money† audit (henceforth denoted as VFM audit) to provide value for moneyRead MoreThe Four Pillars Of Public Administration767 Words   |  4 Pagespillar Efficiency; efficiency is the act of getting the most public good done in a short amount of time. This would include things like, street plowing; creating a one stop shop for multiple services, what departments can we tie together, how we can use technology to get more accomplished quickly. All the while, keeping the first pillar in mind, how can we keep this the cheapest and the most efficient for the public good? As we continue doing actions of governance, we come to Effectiveness, whichRead MoreOperational Audit1064 Words   |  5 PagesNATURE OF OPERATIONAL AUDIT †¢ Also known as management audits and performance audits. †¢ Conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and/or efficiency of operations. †¢ Examinations of all or part of an entity to determine the degree of its operational efficiency, effectiveness and economy. †¢ Also refers to the auditor’s study of business operations for the purpose of making recommendations about economic and efficient use of resource, effective achievement of business objectivesRead MoreLegal Processes in Dealing with Domestic Violence1392 Words   |  6 Pagesthe child is not exposed to an â€Å"unacceptable risk of family violence†. The effectiveness of this law reform is highlighted by the case Bacchiega v Hamilton (2013) FamCA 68 Further to this the recent introduction of the Crimes (Domestic and Personal Violence) Amendment Act 2013 (NSW) which commences operation May 20th 2014 amending the previous Crimes (Domestic and Personal Violence) Act 2007 (NSW) improves the effectiveness of the legal process implemented to deal with domestic violence in NSW. TheRead MoreThe Conflict Between Reformers And Politicians1110 Words   |  5 Pagescorruption that resulted from the relationships between police, political leaders and citizens produced a struggle for control over the police. (Walker). During the 19th-century, civilians tried to reform police organizations by applying external pressures. Those attempts all but failed. During the 20th-century, reformers shaped contemporary policing through the 1970’s. (Fogelson) Berkeley’s police chief, August Vollmer, first rallied police executives around the idea of reform during the 1920’sRead MoreThe Foundation Of Goldstein s Problem Oriented Policin g1711 Words   |  7 PagesEvaluation The foundation of Goldstein’s problem oriented policing stems from his belief that police agencies in the 1980’s had an opportunity and obligation to do more to impact crime and disorder within their communities than what was being done. The professionalization of law enforcement gained prominence from the 1940’s through the 1970’s. It came out of a necessity to improve the capabilities of police. It was believed that the improvement of organizations through better quality personnel, upgradedRead MoreOrganizational Effectiveness1058 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Organizational Effectiveness Paper CJA/474 May 11, 2015 Organizational Effectiveness Paper Introduction Organizations are social units that are deliberately formed in order to reach specific goals. These social groups include schools, business corporations, military units, and police departments. Organizations are characterized by their goals, authority, communication responsibilities, their set of rules and norms and the presence of one or more authority members that control the organization

Analysis of Conformity and Group Influence in Twelve Angry...

Analysis of Conformity and Group Influence in Twelve Angry Men Introduction The film â€Å"Twelve Angry Men† directed by Sidney Lumet illustrates many social psychological principles. The tense, gripping storyline that takes place in the 1950s features a group of jurors who must decide unanimously whether a young man is guilty or innocent in the murder of his father. At the beginning, eleven of the twelve jurors voted guilty. Gradually, through some heated discussion, the jurors are swayed to a not-guilty verdict. Upon examination, the film highlights social psychology theories in areas of conformity and group influence. Theories and Application Conformity Conformity, a change in one’s behaviour or belief to correspond with others†¦show more content†¦Perhaps the power of the need to feel accepted is most evident in the character of juror number two, a rather meek and hesitant individual, who during several occasions of being confronted by more strong-willed or hostile jurors, displays quick retreat in his subtle opinions. Informative social influence is also apparent in â€Å"Twelve Angry Men†. Juror number twelve, a well-dressed, advertising businessman for â€Å"Rice Pops† exhibits a character that is easily-swayed by convincing arguments from both sides. He first changes his vote from guilty to not guilty after juror number five’s demonstration with the switchblade only to change his vote again after he is overwhelmed with â€Å"evidence that he is unable to arrange in order.† His inability to explain his reasons for his decisions to change his votes demonstrates the complication of the situation as well as his own feelings of incompetency (Myers, Spencer, amp; Jordan, 2009). Instead, juror number twelve relies on the arguments of other jurors and changes his votes according to the credibility of other’s judgments. Group Influence There is no doubt that people are often susceptible to conformity. However, another closer look at â€Å"Twelve Angry Men† reveals more than just social influences. We continue to see how groupthink, group polarization, and minority influence influencesShow MoreRelatedConformity - Social Psychology4828 Words   |  20 PagesDefine conformity, and distinguish between compliance, obedience, and acceptance, giving examples of each. What types of influences lead to conformity? When are we likely to conform and why does it have a negative connotation in Western society? Compare and contrast the conformity experiments of Sherif and Asch. Describe their methodology and the results that they observed. What processes seem to be at work in each case? In your view, would we get the same results today? Conformity is definedRead Moretheme of alienation n no where man by kamala markandeya23279 Words   |  94 Pagesstruggle of a strong- willed individual against fate. In Antigone he depicts a resolute and heroic female protagonist, who pits her individual free will against the intractable forces of fate and against the irrational and unjust laws of tyrannical men, like Creon. Basically, the play centers on the conflict between the steadfast protagonist and an equally resolute antagonist. Sophocles’ two main characters are placed in peculiar circumstances that force them to act the way they do. There are fatalRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System Read MoreAnalysis the Use of Stream of Consciousness in Mrs Dalloway8784 Words   |  36 PagesAnalysis the use of stream of consciousness in Mrs Dalloway BY Qian Jiajia Prof. Zhang Li, Tutor A Thesis Submitted to Department of English Language and Literature in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of B.A in English At Hebei Normal University May 8th , 2009 Abstract As one of the representative writers of novels of stream of consciousness, Virginia Woolf has made important contributions to the development of the technique of stream of consciousnessRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pagesmagic. The attribution to the Andalusian mathematician al-Majriti (or al-Madjriti) (d. ca. 1004-7) is considered pseudo-epigraphic. The Latin translation dates to 1256 and the court of Alphonso the Wise, king of Castille, and exerted a considerable influence on Western magic thereafter. It is said that much of Ficino’s astrological magic derives from the Picatrix (see I.P.Couliano, Eros and Magic in the Renaissance, University of Chicago Press, 1987, p. 118). The Picatrix is mentioned by Johannes TrithemiusRead MoreFor Against by L.G. Alexander31987 Words   |  128 PagesLongman Group Ltd. 1968 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publishers. First published /968 Eighteenth impression /986 ISBN 0-582-52306-0 Produced by Longman Singapore Publishers Pte Ltd Printed in Singapore Contents TO THE TEACHER I page I It s high time men ceasedRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages45 Managing Personal Stress 105 Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4 5 6 7 INTERPERSONAL SKILLS 232 233 Building Relationships by Communicating Supportively Gaining Power and Influence 279 Motivating Others 323 Managing Conflict 373 PART III GROUP SKILLS 438 8 Empowering and Delegating 439 9 Building Effective Teams and Teamwork 489 10 Leading Positive Change 533 PART IV SPECIFIC COMMUNICATION SKILLS 590 591 Supplement A Making Oral and WrittenRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesStrategic and marketing analysis 2 Marketing auditing and the analysis of capability 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Learning objectives Introduction Reviewing marketing effectiveness The role of SWOT analysis Competitive advantage and the value chain Conducting effective audits Summary 3 Segmental, productivity and ratio analysis 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 Learning objectives Introduction The clarification of cost categories Marketing cost analysis: aims and methods An illustrationRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pages Leadership is a Process, Not a Position 51 51 70 1. Leadership is Everyone’s Business 2. Interaction between the Leader, the Followers the Situation Cohen †¢ Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 11. Leadership: Exerting Influence and Power 94 94 Text Palmer−Dunford−Akin †¢ Managing Organizational Change 2. Images of Managing Change 121 121 147 147 Text 3. Why Organizations Change Text Cohen †¢ Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 14. InitiatingRead MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 PagesDenise Fleck for doing the index. — I — AND OVER HERE, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: THE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT BEAST A fable to begin, often referred to, seldom known: THE BLIND M E N A N D THE ELEPHANT by John Godfrey Saxe (1816-1887) It was six men of Indostan To learning much inclined, Who went to see the Elephant (Though all of them were blind) That each by observation Might satisfy his mind. The First approached the Elephant, And happening to fall Against his broad and sturdy side, At once

Canadas Copyright Laws Essay Example For Students

Canadas Copyright Laws Essay Canadas Copyright LawsCanadas copyright law is one of our hardest laws to enforce. The reason the police have so much trouble enforcing this law, is due to technology. This law is very easy to break, and once broken, it is very hard to track down violators. So although some form of a copyright law is needed, the one we have has, too many holes to be effective. There are three main ways in which the copyright law is broken in everyday life. They is audio/video tape copying, plagiarism, and software piracy. The first, and most commonly violated aspect of the copyright law, is the copying of audio tapes for oneself and friends. Thanks to the invention of dual cassette stereos, this has become very easy. You simply take an original or even another copy of a tape, as well as a blank tape. Stick them both in to the stereo and bingo you have a new tape. You also just broke the law. Along with copying audio tapes, now we can copy video tapes almost as easily. If you hook two VCRs together, they can copy from one to the other. You could rent a movie form the video store, copy and return it, with no one the wiser. The problem with copying video and audio tapes is that for every copy you make the recording artist, the actors, producers and everyone else who collect royalties from the tapes lose money. If the companies start to lose money, they raise prices. Thus a vicious circle begins. As prices go up, fewer people buy original copies. If less people buy the original cassettes prices will onc e again rise. Another major form of piracy is plagiarism. The stealing of someone elses ideas or work. The biggest category of people who fall into here are students. Very often a student when doing a research paper will accidently forget to footnote his work. By forgetting to give the author credit, the student has claimed the work as his own. Another reason students may copy someone elses work is to sound more sophisticated hoping that if they use someone elses words it will sound better than their own. Generally, this provides an easy way for a teacher or the police to catch them. Teachers also plagiarize rather frequently. Very often a teacher will photocopy several pages from a book, in order to save the students the expense of having to buy the book for themselves. While this is a noble act by the teacher, in most cases, this is illegal. Unless the author of the book, gave consent for his/her work to be freely distributed, teachers cant copy it anymore than students or anyone else can. The third category of piracy is Software Pirating. There are several forms which this can take. The most common form is very similar to audio/video cassettes. It is when someone copies a game or program from his/her computer to someone elses. As long as the two people have the same type of computer, (they both have apples or IBMs) this is a very simple process, so long as the programmer didnt put a bug into the program (a precaution they take against people copying their work). Another form of Computer Piracy is a cracker. A cracker is someone who has an in-depth knowledge of computers and programming. He can then remove the bug that prevents programs from being copied. After he removes the bug hes able to distribute the software at his own discretion. This is in direct conflict with the copyright law, because the program was not meant to be copied thus the bug. It therefore becomes illegal to remove the bug. .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330 , .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330 .postImageUrl , .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330 , .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330:hover , .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330:visited , .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330:active { border:0!important; } .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330:active , .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330 .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u529138a2208126b44d794a8ab178a330:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hamlet as a Comment on Humanity EssayLike audio/video cassettes copying, computer games causes people to lose money. In this case, instead of it being the singer, or actors, it is the programmer, and the software companies who lose. This leads to the same vicious circle. More copies make higher prices etc.. The copyright law is hard to enforce likewise so are the penalties. If you are found in violation of breaking the copyright laws, you probably will only have to pay a fine. However, the fines can be quite subeztial and depending where you are in the distribution chain (how many copies were made before yours) the fine varies, with whoever copied the original paying the most. In extremecases, where a contract is enacted upon the purchase of the original copy like with Word Perfect, a computer word processor. Upon buying an original set off disks you must sign a contract promising not to distribute the program. In these cases, you could face imprisonment because now not only are you dealing with breach of the copyright law, but with a breach of contract as well. So the moral of the story is enjoy your large collection of audio/video tapes. Get those goodmarks on essays you didnt even write. Enjoy those really fun computer games, because under Canadas current copyright law and the amount of attention the police pay to this problem, it is very unlikely that you will ever get caught.

The Grocery Food Market in Norway free essay sample

I would say that the grocery market in Norway is a whole big competition. There’s a few big chains, such as Rema 1000, ICA and Kiwi, along with some other chains and small grocery shops in people’s neighborhoods. It’s hard to know who is the biggest, because in a grocery shop, prices mean everything. People want it cheap, and people want choices. With as many big shops, we get choices, and we get choices in the shop as well. Choice to choose quality, choice to choose the cheapest. In the UK, Tesco is today a monopolist in the market; they have over 30% share in the market. But in Norway, none of the companies have a remarkable bigger share than the other. The market is an oligopoly, meaning that the market is dominated by many large companies, all of them being oligopolists. You can’t say if the market is elastic or inelastic, because it’s different departments. We will write a custom essay sample on The Grocery Food Market in Norway or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But for example normal groceries suck as milk etc. , the market is very much elastic. People won’t buy it if it’s a huge difference in price, but all of this has to be together with quality. People know what they have in grocery stores, and they’re most often aware of what supermarket is the cheapest and also aware of what they want – quality or quantity. The grocery food market in Norway – cheap chains versus expensive. Our demand for cheap or expensive chains is very unpredictable. 1. Place factor – where is the chain? Is it near yourself? 2. Demand for that particular chain increases in the area because there’s not any options. . Supply of groceries depends of ability of the firms to respond market demand, and of course, the grocery market will always be there, it’s just a competition, who are going to win the audience? 4. Time element – some suppliers can respond quickly to market demand – other cannot. If there’s a product that is very popular at the moment, the chain who has the most of it will be the winner. 5. It is very important to have complementary goods in the market. That will make your sales even higher. In demanding one good, the costumer would be likely to demand another good.   Look at Kiwi and Jacob’s in Norway for examples. In the area I live, these two are competitors because they are the only two grocery chains in the area. Kiwi is a quite cheap chain with cheap groceries, while Jacob’s focus on more expensive products with better quality. JACOB’S Supply and demand – more exclusive chain, demand will always be the same even though prices go up because people like quality. There will be less quantity but higher price, but people would still want it. Supply will shift upwards because there’s an increase of cost. Price will be higher both because they know people would still buy it, and because they need to cover the high costs. Exclusive products are more expensive, and they keep on rising. ANOTHER OPTION Rise in the cost of production, supply shift upwards. This might be because there are luxury groceries, and they will charge a high price to cover the costs of quality. Less demand for luxury brands and supply will also shift. This will probably be because a change in income. Quantity will be less, price slightly more. Even though what happens, there will be a quite high price. KIWI – cheap chain Supply and demand for Kiwi. More people want cheap groceries, of course. More demand for cheaper groceries, and supply will also shift. Quantity will be more, price slightly less, than for example Jacob’s a swell. People want it so they are able to sell more; therefore they need more quantity.   There’s very hard to get into the market, both locally and in a bigger span. There’s a few that dominates, but actually, there’s not many â€Å"exclusive† chains, so that’s a gap in the market in Norway. There’s not really any competitors for Jacob’s, but their aim should be to get people to focus on quality so that they can get customers from the cheap chain market. Competitors for Kiwi, on the other hand, are many. You have Rema 1000, for example. For Rema 1000 it’s important to be where people live. Groceries are very demanded, so it’s important to be where people shop. Conclusion Right now, there’s more people wanting to buy cheaper groceries; this is because there’s less money because of lack of jobs, and people have to be more careful with it. Jacob’s have gone down the last few years, but they’re loyal customers will always be there, who are the rich people in Norway. Kiwi will also always have many customers, because they have many stores all over Norway. But they need to look after their competitors, because there’s many small and cheap chains that focus on price rather than quality in order to get a bigger market share!

Free Essays on Mahabharata

The â€Å"Mahabharata† holds a place of special revere in Indian society. An ancient tale, thousands of years old, it inspires poets, writers, and artists across the globe. Its creator is unknown, expect as the mythic figure of Vyasa, a poet and seer who appears in the verses he is supposed to have written. Likely the poem was authored by countless writers who grafted its many tales and moral stories onto the skeleton of this epic tale of the five brothers. Foremost among these brothers is Yudhishthria, the eldest. He was born to be a king. A pillar of morality, intelligence, restraint, and confidence, but he possessed a small weakness, his love of fortune. He is a gambler at heart, or else he longs to test his luck at the throw of the dice in order to escape from the walls of sacred duty that surrounds him. Yudhishthira is the model Hindu hero. He encapsulates the tenets of this great religion, and is so well-versed in them that they have become part of his soul, one that is immortal, destined to eternal joy in India’s heaven. Still, he has a price to pay. He must lead his brothers in battle. Fight the great war of the Bharatas, the â€Å"Mahabharata.† Dharma, one’s sacred duty, is truly the subject of the Mahabharata. Called a monstrosity by some critics because of its sheer size, the national epic of India nevertheless has a consistency of vision. Employing the numerous voices of varied storytellers, priest, demons, and heroes, the poem describes the Hindu ideal of scared duty. Similar ideas can be found in western philosophy. As mentioned in â€Å"The Republic†, Plato’s conception of the ideal state placed each individual in his or her specific place in society, each with duties and responsibilities that assure happiness for everyone. The Greek philosopher also elaborated an idea of the transmigration of the soul, reincarnation or samara. The ancient Indians knew of the existence of the Greeks... Free Essays on Mahabharata Free Essays on Mahabharata The â€Å"Mahabharata† holds a place of special revere in Indian society. An ancient tale, thousands of years old, it inspires poets, writers, and artists across the globe. Its creator is unknown, expect as the mythic figure of Vyasa, a poet and seer who appears in the verses he is supposed to have written. Likely the poem was authored by countless writers who grafted its many tales and moral stories onto the skeleton of this epic tale of the five brothers. Foremost among these brothers is Yudhishthria, the eldest. He was born to be a king. A pillar of morality, intelligence, restraint, and confidence, but he possessed a small weakness, his love of fortune. He is a gambler at heart, or else he longs to test his luck at the throw of the dice in order to escape from the walls of sacred duty that surrounds him. Yudhishthira is the model Hindu hero. He encapsulates the tenets of this great religion, and is so well-versed in them that they have become part of his soul, one that is immortal, destined to eternal joy in India’s heaven. Still, he has a price to pay. He must lead his brothers in battle. Fight the great war of the Bharatas, the â€Å"Mahabharata.† Dharma, one’s sacred duty, is truly the subject of the Mahabharata. Called a monstrosity by some critics because of its sheer size, the national epic of India nevertheless has a consistency of vision. Employing the numerous voices of varied storytellers, priest, demons, and heroes, the poem describes the Hindu ideal of scared duty. Similar ideas can be found in western philosophy. As mentioned in â€Å"The Republic†, Plato’s conception of the ideal state placed each individual in his or her specific place in society, each with duties and responsibilities that assure happiness for everyone. The Greek philosopher also elaborated an idea of the transmigration of the soul, reincarnation or samara. The ancient Indians knew of the existence of the Greeks...

Reflect on If I could be any historical figure within the time period, Research Paper

Reflect on If I could be any historical figure within the time period, who would I be and why - Research Paper Example In essence, politics revolve around who governs what country, what government is which country and how people are governed. It is argued that, politics dictate the social and economic lives of people in varying countries (Hout 3). As such, countries with good governance or political stability are said to have good social and economic life while those with poor political governance or no stability mostly suffer from social and economic slowdown (OHCHR 3). In regard to history and world politics, I would have wanted to be Dr, Martin Luther King Jnr. in the last three centuries. Dr. King had been brought up by a religious family where his father is alleged to have a strict hand in term of discipline for him, his elder sister and the younger. Despite the involvement of the family in church and his father being a minister, Martin Luther King was reluctant to religion and at most rebellious (Fairclough 35). In mid 1950s , the King Jr began his activism on civil rights and played a hug role bringing to an end the legal segregation that had built up between the Africans – Americans in the U.S. Moreover, he managed to push for the formation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Nelson 22). In a general sense, Martin Luther King made a huge impact on the continuous segregation that was witnessed the U.S in the 1960’s. ... As a result of the bizarre bus incident and the arrest of the African American, other Africa American come together to fight against racism and elected Dr. King as their leader. This group of African American began by fight against segregation in the Montgomery Buses and soon, the Africans could no longer receive unfair treatment for the rest of the Americans (Fairclough 38). In the same year, the segregation of the bus was boycotted, fellow Americans who referred themselves as ‘whites’ were agitated by the influence that Martin Luther King had made on African Americans and they decided to raid his house with the intention of killing him. However, their mission was unsuccessful as no one was hurt during the incident. As a result of the problem that African American encounter due to segregation, they decided to push their fight a step high by coming up with Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Through the activism and leadership of Dr. King, they expanded their non v iolent battle against discrimination that had spread to every part of the U. S. It is worth mentioning that, the infamous civil rights activity facilitate by Martin Luther King Jr to place in August 1963. The activity entailed the King as the main leader and other blacks who were civil right leaders across the country held in Washington DC. The agenda of the meeting was to compel the congress to pass a bill that had been created by the then president Kennedy. Of importance to note is that the meeting was held by both white are and blacks at the Lincoln memorial. Written down as the infamous speech â€Å"I Have a Dream†, the speech gave a definition of the moral basis that revolved around civil rights movement. Indeed, the congress was convinced and the following year they

Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example a. Consumer activities enable the marketer to determine how people spend their time as well as what activities they prefer to engage in. In regard to mobile phones, marketers can determine from a sample of mobile phone users about what activities/sports/habits they engage into, how they spend leisure time, what features of a mobile phone are utilized during busy schedule. The information obtained can be used to determine a link between the categories. For instance, all busy professional people use organizer, WAP services, and mobile banking features; hang out or shop when they are free; do swimming, read morning newspaper and play chess. b. Interest category determines what things and images are of importance to consumers. It enables marketers to identify the areas of interest of their consumers. For e.g. one fourth of the individuals show interest in networking. c. Opinions category enable the marketer to determine how consumers view themselves and what opinions they hold about othe rs in their surroundings. It is more a self/social concept. This helps marketers identify how consumers view and evaluate objects, other people and themselves in a social setting (Aggarwal, 2004). For e.g. most of the people shares the idea that mobile usage amongst students must be monitored and rules must be established for limiting the use in educational premises. By soliciting consumer responses over the above mentioned categories, marketers can develop consumer profiles that possess similar activities, interest and opinions towards mobile phone usage. Marketers can also determine consumer mobile phone usage by evaluating situational use of a mobile phone. Thereby, marketers can highlight different situations in which multifaceted features mobile phone can be used; or they can identify different features that offer effective mobile usage in odd/urgent situations. For instance, if a consumer is lost somewhere, a mobile phone can be used as a tracker. In any urgency, such as baby birth, the father (consumer) may use mobile-ticketing for quick reservation of his flight. In turmoil or instable unsafe situations, consumers may relay on conducting mobile banking for payments rather than physically performing transactions. Motivation & involvement and attitude are other individual extrinsic factors that could potentially explain mobile phone usage. Motivation and involvement of a consumer in a product depends upon his motives for using a product. Motives are those internal factors that derive energy and active engagement of a consumer in product usage. Consequently, it also determines its usage of that product. For instance the motivation of a business man to use blackberry is high than that of a teenager. Attitude refers to evaluative judgments that a consumer holds towards anything under consideration. Attitude is a combination of and based on, a consumer’s experience, knowledge, perception and cognitive skills. It changes the way different consumers see and evaluate a situation (Edell, & Burke, 1987). Different people evaluate products differently in different situations (Hawkins, & Mothersbaugh, 2009). It can sustain marketers’ knowledge of mobile phone usage; provided it is used with other variables.

Crime and Individual Choice Essay Example for Free

Crime and Individual Choice Essay Crime is a common phenomenon. Huge investments of any government go towards the containment and apprehension of crime offenders. The more crime acquires various forms and becomes prevalent, the more studies and theories are brought out to analyze the causes and motivations. A look at Australia in the recent past indicates public outcry over increased incidences of crime, although incidences of organized crime are becoming rare, the same cannot be said of petty thefts. Criminologists have over the years stepped up their efforts in examining the motivations of crime. This is an issue that sparks controversy as some sociologists blame it on the society, pointing out that it is the prevalent circumstances in the society that are behind crime. In the light of this row, this paper maintains that crime is as a result of individual choices rather that the prevalent social circumstances. A study of the possible causes of crime is core to understanding crime, the information generated is crucial as afar as government’s response and approaches to fighting crime is concerned. A dearth of information on such a common problem means that law enforcement agencies spend valuable resources and time on addressing the symptoms rather than the causes. It is this fact that motivates criminologists to dig out the real causes of crime. Economists traditionally have not been involved in the analysis of crime, the issue of causes and prevention was seen as being outside the realm of economics. It was seen as a preserve of sociologists and criminologists. This however changed in the late 1960s when economists brought in an argument that represented a radical paradigm shift from afore recognized sociological and criminological theories. They deviated from the societal foundations of the motivation of crime to a more individualized approach. A good theory of crime according to Becker (1968) has to â€Å"dispense with special theories of anomie, psychological inadequacies or inheritance of special traits and simply extend the economist’s usual analysis of choice. † The economic theory of crime focuses on the aspect of an individual’s rational choice as the key motivation behind crime. This is a theory that is based on the assumption that each and every individual engages in crime in their bid to increase their utility. Crime should be regarded as a venture; it is an enterprise which an individual engages in with an intention of gaining something just like in business. This hence means that any one can become a criminal, there is no particular group that is inherently criminal, it is just that people tend to move in and out of crime when there is an opportunity and there are ample conditions for a crime. Just like in business ventures, a potential criminal takes time to plan his activities and also makes decision in regard to the amount of time to be appropriated in each activity so as to maximize the gains. In making a decision of whether or not to engage in crime, an individual takes into account all the possible benefits and also the likely costs. People engage in criminal activities not because they have some natural or psychological motivations but because they have amply taken into consideration the perceived benefits and costs. This means that a certain crime will not be committed if the costs exceed the benefits. In such a case hence it is possible to see a particular crime being the most preferred in comparison to another due to the net benefits associated with that crime. Indeed crime is driven by the resultant benefits and decreased if the punishment meted out is harsh in comparison to the crime. According to the economic theory, â€Å"an increase in the probability and/or severity of punishment (representing costs of criminal behavior) will reduce the potential criminal’s participation in illegitimate activities. † (Philip Cameron) This is what motivates the deterrence theory. It is important to point out that the issue of costs and benefits must be carefully analyzed, the cost does not only revolve around the aspect of incarceration but also encompasses the social cost, this applies even to the perceived benefits. A rational individual wishing to engage in crime hence puts into consideration all these factors and weighs his options, his decision and choice is influenced by the resultant weight, either towards the benefits or towards the costs. If the costs outweigh the benefits, the individuals is unlikely to engage in the crime; the vice versa is also true (Gottfredson Hirschi, 1990). The Rational Choice Theory, on which the economics theory is founded, is derived from the utilitarian belief that indeed human beings are rational; their decisions are independently influenced by the factors of costs and benefits. In the propagation of this theory, several assumptions are made. There is the assumption that people are driven by utility; they are motivated by the urge to increase their happiness which mostly is in terms of wealth. they also are supposed to have goals and they pick the choice that enables them to accomplish such goals. The theory of rational choice can be traced to the early works of Cesare Beccaria who set out to explain crime using the enlightment ideas. According to Cessare, â€Å"people want to experience pleasure and avoid pain, and while criminal acts can bring pleasure of various sorts, possible punishment can bring pain. † (Laura, 2007, 231) This is a theory that has immensely been used in the justice system; it is based on the thinking that for crime to be prevented, punishment must outweigh the benefits of the crime. This is because if the pain is less than the benefits, then there is no motivation to quit crime. Bentham also was in agreement over the aspect of crime boiling down to individual choice, and influenced by the perceived benefits. He noted that â€Å"the profit of the crime is the force which urges a man to delinquency. The pain of the punishment is the force employed to restrain him from it. If the first of these forces is greater, the crime will be committed; if the second, the crime will not be committed. † (Cited in Maurice, 1993, 311) An important aspect that has to be looked at is why some people or groups show a higher prevalence to crime. Indeed, people can not have a similar response to crime. This is so as people have individual differences that affect their preferences. There are those that may prefer honesty, have a higher income and hence value their reputation. The perceived gains and costs are also regarded differently. The prospects of experiencing a certain level of pain might be motivating enough to some people to avoid crime. The decision to engage in one sort of crime and avoid others also follows a similar pattern. It is influenced by opportunity, available information, costs and benefits (Loftin, McDowell, 1982). The view that crime is influenced by rational individual choices has most often than not been put into disrepute by a flurry of other available studies done on the subject. A majority of the existing studies are influenced by the social conditions and environment rather than the individual choice. One of the existing schools of thought that points at the relationship between social factors and crime is the positivist school of thought. According to this thinking, crime and criminality is influence by internal and external factors that are beyond the control of an individual. The answer to criminality lies in the biological, psychological and social foundations. Those that propagate the thinking that crime can be explained by physiological factors do it on the basis that those individuals that have a higher affinity towards crime tend to have some specific physiological traits. This thinking influenced the thought that crime is a natural trait and hence cannot be individually controlled. Some individuals are born criminals and they cannot change this. It is this argument of inherent criminality that was used to fuel the arguments behind the abolishment of capital punishment, on the basis that criminals were being punished for things they had no control on. There is also the thinking that crime can be closely linked to neuroticism and psychotism. In this, crime is seen as a mental disease where the criminal develops a psychotic compulsion to engage in crime. The prevalent theory that challenges the aspect of individual choice in crime is the sociological positivism. This is a theory that traces crime to societal factors such as poverty, subcultures and lack of education. The social disorganization theory for example has been able to establish a positive link between the collapse of important social institutions and crime. The society is held together by institutions such as religion and also the justice system. The collapse of these core institutions contributes to an increase in crime. Poverty and lack of economic development fuels an increase in crime. As the theory claims, places that are characterized by neighborhoods with high population and failed social structure record high instances of crime compared to others. Poverty leads to social disorder and is characterized by physical evidences of collapsed buildings and deteriorating neighborhoods. This leads to what has been referred to as the deterioration concentration effects. Such neighborhoods attract crime (Maurice, 1993). It is important to observe that social factors can indeed fuel crime. There exist immense studies that have focused on crime and ethnicity and have come to conclude that there are certain social conditions that influence such communities to commit crime. Poverty has been pointed out as one of the leading factor, where people resort to crime as a means of acquiring wealth and prosperity. This however does not mean that the role of an individual in making such a choice diminishes. People are influenced by their own rational choice to engage in crime, in consideration of the existing benefits and costs of such a crime, should the cost override the benefits; then crime is reduced. References Maurice P. F. (1993) The psychology of crime: a social science textbook. Cambridge University Press. Laura L. F. (2007) Encyclopedia of juvenile violence. Greenwood Publishing Group. Brantingham, P. J. Brantingham, P. L. (1991). Environmental criminology. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. Gottfredson, M. , T. Hirschi (1990). A General Theory of Crime. Stanford University Press. Becker, G. S. (1968) Crime and punishment: an economic approach. Journal of Political Economy, Loftin, C. and McDowell, D. (1982) The police, crime and economic theory. American. Sociological Review Philip M. B Cameron M. Crime, punishment and deterrence in Australia: A further empirical investigation. International Journal of Social Economics retrieved on April 28, 2009 from http://www. uq. edu. au/~ecpbodma/ijse. pdf.

AIDS, Prison, and Preventative Medicine: :: HIV Jail Violence Rape Papers

AIDS, Prison, and Preventative Medicine The word "prison" conjures up thoughts of a dark and deviant subculture, living in a chaotic and destructive environment out of the sight and mind of mainstream America. Hollywood has skewed our views of prisoners, painting them as a seemingly irreparable subclass of humans that are only further downgraded and downtrodden by prison lives filled with violence and rape. Certainly the life of a prisoner is tough, and violence is inevitably present in prison systems where gangs frequently play a prominent role in social organization (Conover 2000). However, misconceptions regarding prisons are numerous, and such misconceptions play an important role in how the AIDS problem in prisons is viewed. For example, one of the most vivid, if not widespread misconceptions surrounding prisons are the stories of forced sexual activity and gang rapes—a view likely to lead an outsider to suspect that little can be done to prevent transmission of HIV among prisoners. In reality, this aspect of prison has been overdramatized and overemphasized, perhaps as a deliberate effort to amplify the purported deterring effect that the threat of a prison sentence has on crime. In fact, Ted Conover reports in his first-hand account of the infamous Sing-Sing, one of New York's most troubled maximum security prisons, that while "prison rape still occurs in New York and elsewhere," by far the most common type of prison sex, "after the autoerotic, is certainly consensual." He goes on to say, "I would even guess that, at least at Sing, sex between officers and inmates is presently more common than forcible sex between inmates" (Conover 2000). Such an example is a prime reason why prison officials, p oliticians and the general public alike need to focus not on the stereotypes of prison behavior, official codes of conduct, and expected or even legal behaviors, but rather what is actually occurring behind prison walls—illegal or legal, for better or for worse. If rape isn't as widespread in prisons as the average moviegoer might be willing to believe—at the very least, it certainly isn't an everyday occurrence—and prisoners are not allowed to have sex or use drugs, then can one expect to see lower incidences of AIDS in prisons? NO! As Conover's statement indicates, much of what goes on in prison isn't "supposed" to take place. Prisoners have sex with each other—most often consensually, but in some instances forcibly—and even with guards; they take drugs, both injecting and non-injecting; they get tattoos; they participate in fights that often involve the shedding of blood.

Celeb Reputation

In today's society, celebrities are seen regularly on the front covers of newspapers, magazines, and on television shows. As a prominence in the public the celebrities must understand what a crucial part they play on kids and young adult’s life. It is their responsibility to make sure they are a pleasing choice for parents to be seen as a role model for their kids. I strongly believe celebrities should be obliged enough to be an admirable choice of a role model because, kids spend most of their time on television and internet to follow them.If the celebrities live a wild life their reputation in the public's mind will be poor, and the celebrities will be viewed as a horrible choice of role models for the youngsters. In addition, it’s important to be a good role model because young kids are easily tempted, and if they find their most favorite person smoking they too will want to spoke. First of all, with information about a celebrity within kid's fingertip, youngster is most likely to follow them rather than view either their friends or parents as role models.More than half of the celebrities in this world live a wild life to receive attention and popularity from the media. Apart from that, youngster tends to follow fashion from their favorite model. That means the kids tends to believe they have to be thin, blonde and wear the latest designer clothes in order to maintain their coolness in public. Some may say that there are other celebrities who do important things in society to educate others well of what is wrong and right. However, when the society looks at the superstars they are in all likelihood to picture the information the media have presented.This means that public picture more Disney stars who are supposed to be good kids turning bad and awful. Celebrities like Britney Spears who was caught on tape wrecking a car because of reasons that could have been solved peacefully are horrible influences on kids. When others are trying hard to tea ch youngsters on not using violence to solve problems, kids who see their favorite superstar doing the exact opposite may cause the kids to believe those things are acceptable, but they are not. Apart from that, celebrities live in a glass window.People judge them for their actions, so it is really important for them to make sure they think more than twice before they act. Since actions speak louder than words, it is important for them to choose wisely about the things they wear and the things they talk because youngster are watching them and following their footsteps minute by minute. It is true that in one way they shape up our society, and that is exactly why celebrities should try their best to have a good reputation in public.People appreciate other who does well this for the society, and not people who cause more problems for others. If the celebrities start to help the society, the public will be more than happy to accept them as heroes or role models for the young ones. Howe ver, we live in a society where most celebrities aren't good role models. They do anything to receive attention from the media and public even if it’s for something bad and inappropriate. Some may argue that the celebrities are just living their life to the fullest, and there is nothing wrong with it.I do agree that there is nothing wrong with living a good wild life, but it shouldn't be when there people around you who adores and worships you because you’re a famous person. If the celebrities did really want to live a wild life they shouldn't have become famous after all. Also, celebrities aren't exactly the right kind of role models because they pressure kids to turn the wrong way. Whenever the celebrities drink and drive, smoke pot, use drugs or talk inappropriate they don't understand what exactly they are doing or whom exactly they are influencing.Research shows that kids who started smoking at young age got brainwashed into believing smoking was glamorous from th eir favorite actor or actress or someone they looked up to. Celebrities should be responsible enough to make the right choices in public, meaning they should learn how to apologize if they do something wrong. Kids these days have access into watching vulgar music videos filled with unacceptable scenes of their favorite actress smoking pot and drinking are not to be seen my young kids. Kids don’t know what exactly the right kind of a good role model is.Whenever someone asks them to be like their role model they picture a celebrity drinking, smoking, and doing all the bad things possible. That's why most celebrities aren't good role models because of the life they live. On the whole, most of the superstars in our society aren't good example for the youngsters. They don't believe they need to set an example for other. However the truth is they need to because people are always following them. These days wherever we look on billboard, magazines, websites, newspaper, and televisio n shows all we see are scandals of celebrities and their weak point.The media have made them into a really horrible choice of an example to the young ones. They have exposed themselves in a wrong way to the public eye to become a subject people won't be happy to talk about. In brief, celebrities aren't good role models because they influence youngster in the wrong way to dress inappropriately, use drugs and start smoking. This cause the celebrities to have a bad reputation in public causing parents to be not happy about having their kids look up to the celebrities.

Cultural Values And Their Effects On Their Behavior

From my understanding, people behave the way they do because of their childhood, culture difference and life experiences. I firmly believe that an individual s personality and the situations they encounter have important effects on their behavior. Personality traits and attitudes stem from circumstances that left a perception. Behaviors trigger instant decisions and response to intuitions or feelings. Emotions are first perceived from a childhood and images remain. Children encounter bullying, lack of parental guidance, approval, insecurities and/or abuse that they are unsure of how to process. This is why I believe that childhood experiences play a major role in how people behave or react. Different cultural lifestyles play an enormous†¦show more content†¦People are scared to own their sexuality due to perceptions in fear of condemnation and exposure to public. However, surrounding yourself with love and acceptance is important. A strong support system is can build you up your self-esteem, self-awareness and self-reflection. It can prevent the ostracism/punishment we refrain from committing crimes deemed as wrong by society. This quotes allows me to grasp that people are not a product of their environment: â€Å"Identifying the beliefs that you want to change and understanding how you formed them is enough for you to break free from their clutch and not let them control your behavior. Awareness is like a fire which melts away everything.† Once you are surrounded by positivity your lifestyle changes. It fills you with hope and perseverance to improve emotionally, mentally physically. Be guarded by acquaintance of like-mined people, who push you to love and believe in yourself. It’s important to make mistakes, receives constructed criticism, be encouraged and provided guidance because life will have their ups and downs. I’m a firm believer that there is power in word. What you speak shall be. It’s best to speak greatness into your life. Life will have its challenges but we have the strength to make it through trails and tribulations. Your environment should have driven individuals who believe in you and your goals because it would make a difference in how you behave. Peace ofShow MoreRelatedEssay On Individualism And Collectivism1162 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay will discuss the influence of cultural dimensions on behavior. A cultural dimension is defined as a perspective of a culture based on its values and cultural norms. In particular, Hofstede’s cultural dimension of individualism vs. collectivism will be discussed. Individualism vs collectivism is defined as the preference of a person only being concerned about oneself and looking after oneself, compared to a person who wants to remain in a closely knitted network. These are some terms withRead MoreOrganizational Divers ity And Cultural Diversity1582 Words   |  7 PagesThe hindrance of cultural struggles that encompass aspects of career growth may be the main reason there are different levels of organizational workforce satisfaction. Even though women have a much greater likelihood of leaving their position, current organization, the organizational cultural differences build high turnover rates. The cultural obstacles preventing occupational development and growth are the prime accounts used when women of all ages are dissatisfied and leaving a position (CoxRead MoreMgmt591 Project Proposal1336 Words   |  6 Pagescan Perceptions and Attributions Of Certain Roles in the Organization Be Controlled Within Organizational Change? Christine Freese 4020 Derby Drive, Cumming, GA 30040 cfreese@ariba.com 770-402-6287 MGMT591- Leadership and Organizational Behavior Joseph  Walkowicz September 29, 2013 * Introduction a) The organization discussed in this research paper is Ariba, Inc (an SAP Company). Ariba is a software and information technology services company located in Sunnyvale, CaliforniaRead MoreIntroduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology1133 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology Anne Solomon Diversity and Cultural Factors in Psychology/PSY450 Professor Iman Turner July 3, 2011 Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology Cross-cultural psychology is the critical and comparative study of the effects on human psychology. Cross-cultural psychology draws its conclusions from at least two samples that represent at least two cultural groups. Because cross-cultural psychology is about comparisons, it is crucialRead MoreCultural Values and Personal Ethics Paper1583 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: CULTURAL VALUES AND PERSONAL ETHICS PAPER Cultural Values and Personal Ethics Paper MBA/500 Foundations of Problem-Based Learning R. Garth Ferrell April 23, 2006 University of Phoenix Cultural Values and Personal Ethics Paper Every day people make decisions that may have profound effect on their personal and/or professional lives as well as the lives of others. The decision people make have a foundation on their personal, cultural, and perhaps organizational values. When theseRead MoreThe Theory Of Cultural Relativism935 Words   |  4 Pagesopinion is indeed relative. Cultural relativism is the view that individual beliefs and values systems are culturally relative. That is, no one ethnic group has the right to say that their particular system of beliefs and values is in any way better than anyone else’s system of beliefs and values. What may be right for one culture might be wrong for another. There is no absolute standard of right and wrong by which to compare and contrast morally conflicting cultural values. We cannot possibly understandRead MoreEssay on Cultural Values And Personal Ethics in Business1497 Words   |  6 Pageshave profound effect on their personal and/or professional lives as well as the lives of others. The decision people make have a foundation on their personal, cultural, and perhaps organizational values. When these values are in disagreement, an ethical dilemma occurs. This article attempts to explain how personal, cultural, and organizational values play significant parts in decision-making. In addition, the foundation of ethical dilemmas can often be traced to conflicting values. This paper willRead MoreBan Increasing Independence With Limits1648 Words   |  7 Pagesreasonable, age-appropriate rules and expectations, and follow through with reasonable consequences for breaking rules (Simpson, 2001). Clearly stated rules and predictable consequences for breaking rules are especially important in the area of risky behavior. To the extent that it has been tested among AI youth the principle still applies. For example, Lonczak et al. (2007) found that more limit setting predicted less substance use among 13-19 year old AI / Alaskan Native youth. AI adolescents whoRead MoreCulture As A Global Enterprise950 Words   |  4 Pageswithin themselves and these qualities exist beyond an individual’s mind and have a widespread effect (Walsham, 20 02). Schein (1985) described a model based on the three levels of culture consisting of the basic assumptions, values, and the artifacts and creations. As summarized by Schein (1985), the first level of basic assumptions is the core component of culture, and mostly comprises of human behavior, truth, reality, and individual relationships. These basic assumptions develop with time whenRead MoreIntercultural Abilities Nurses Should Have951 Words   |  4 Pageshealth beliefs, values, and practices. Cultural views of individuals influence their perceptions and decisions of health attitudes and health cares; in order to care for people across different languages and cultures, nurses need to develop cultural sensitivity, awareness, competence, and humility (Creasia Parker, 2007). Among these, cultural competent and humility are the foundation to provide optimal quality care within diverse groups of people. Overview of Cutural Sensitivity, Cultural Awareness